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鋼琴比賽的黑暗面


刊登日期:2009/08/08

作者:作者麥克.詹森                                                                              校稿:鄭俊騰

刊載刊載時間: 2009年8月8日                                                                   翻譯:楊豐仁
 
( 英國Herald Tribune 先鋒論壇報以及美國 The New York Times 紐約時報)
 
20世紀偉大的The Hungarian pianist and composer Bela Bartok famously said competitions should be for horses, not musicians.匈牙利作曲家,同時也是鋼琴家的貝拉.巴爾托克 ( Bela Bartok ) 說過一句名言:「比賽應該是為賽馬舉行,而不是音樂家。」。He refused to sit on competition juries because he didn't want the decisions on his conscience.他一輩子拒絕參加比賽評審,因為他不想昧著自己的良心做決定。
 
然而如果今天他還活著,Bartok would probably be appalled at what has happened in the world of piano competitions since his death in 1945.巴爾托克可能會對西元1945年他死後的那些發生在世界鋼琴大賽中的事情感到震驚。同樣的瑕疵出現,而且這種 “賽馬”形式已在世界各地擴散。
 
在西元1945年時,國際鋼琴比賽每年只舉辦5場,到西元1990年上升到114場比賽。根據阿林克—阿格麗希基金會 ( Alink-Argerich Foundation,音樂情報中心設立在海牙 ) 的統計,現今世界上約有750場國際比賽存在,僅僅去年一年就舉辦了約350場比賽。
 
But behind the black ties, strapless gowns and Oscar-like atmosphere of the finals lurks a world of naked ambition, sometimes corrupt judging and bitter disputes over the results.然而在黑色西裝,漂亮的禮服和類似奧斯卡頒獎氣氛的決賽背後,潛伏著一個赤裸裸的野心世界,時常貪腐的裁決和激烈的爭議就覆蓋在結果之上。
 
Two controversies have erupted recently.最近爆發了兩個爭論。在瑞士Hortense Anda-Bührle, president of the Geza Anda competition in Zurich, publicly disavowed her jury's decisions after the first round, deploring its choice of pianists who she said had merely played faster and louder.蘇黎世舉行的蓋札‧安達鋼琴大賽 ( Geza Anda Competition ) 主席Hortense Anda- Bührle公開否決她的評審團第一輪比賽的決定,對評審團選擇那些據她說僅僅彈得又快又大聲的鋼琴家深感遺憾。接著是美國德州舉行的范‧克萊本鋼琴大賽 ( Van Cliburn Competition ),在評審團決定頒發兩個大賽首獎的混亂中落幕,一個首獎頒給中國青年張昊辰,另一個則明顯出於同情,頒給全盲的日本參賽者辻井伸行。他們各自抱走兩萬元美金回家。
 
克萊本大賽聽眾在網路部落格的不滿情緒,從那時到現在未曾間斷Blogs have buzzed ever since with emotional exchanges among Cliburn listeners, many of whom feel that more deserving players were left behind.,許多人認為更多能獲獎的演奏者被拋在後頭,比賽的裁判有失公允。
 
到底出了什麼問題這裡出了甚麼錯?First, competitions suffer from a lack of universal standards to guide the jurors, mostly a cozy group of piano teachers who circle the globe every year to pass judgment on the young players.首先,比賽因評審缺乏公平一致標準引導而受牽累,通常由一群愜意的鋼琴老師每年巡迴全球,在不同的比賽當裁判來對年輕演奏者判決他們的音樂能力。
 
確實確實,艱苦的判斷過程是比賽的一大問題,I can sympathize.我能體諒。我In my nine years on the board of the London International Piano Competition, I sat on the pre-selection jury and whipped through 60 or 70 videotapes of applicants in quick succession.在倫敦國際鋼琴比賽董事會的九年任期中,每次我坐在預選評審團中,然後接二連三的快速過濾60到70捲申請者的錄音帶。在聽完第40或50個帶子時 ,我的評判官能已逐漸麻木而且變得更加武斷。評審們花了兩個星期,置身在陰暗的大廳聆聽一場由認真的年輕演奏者所進行的比賽,當然他們同樣也承受了過重的感官負荷。
 
當然,Sometimes the bias is personal.有時是個人的偏見。得獎無數的獲獎無數的鋼琴家和著名音樂學家查爾斯‧羅森向我回顧他在英國利茲大賽的記憶,巴赫專家羅莎琳‧圖雷克在決賽中對安德拉斯‧希夫投下反對票。“She ousted him because he played Bach better than she did,” Mr. Rosen says.羅森先生說:“她把他淘汰掉,因為他演奏巴赫比她拉的更優異。”。
 
Perhaps more sinister is the practice of jurors — often prohibited from voting for their own students — secretly trading votes with other jurors whose students are also competing.更惡劣的做法是評審們-往往比賽禁止給自己的學生打分數-卻秘密地「做掉」在比賽中他本人想教,卻是其他評審的學生。當然,為了To complete the picture, teacher-jurors have been seen approaching the losers, offering to train them for future competitions — at which the teacher will also be judging.要使局面完整,老師—( 評審 ) 被發現一直在接觸比賽的失敗者,表示願意為將來的比賽培訓他們--在那裏老師當然也暗示他們,他將會擔任裁判。Such practices “will ultimately cannibalize the integrity of these competitions,” said Eugene Pridonoff, a piano professor at Cincinnati University.任職辛辛那提大學的鋼琴教授尤金‧普瑞多諾夫說,這種做法 “最終將蠶食這些比賽的可靠性”。   
 
普瑞多諾夫先生Mr. Pridonoff suggests anonymity of contestants as the solution, with judges separated from one another so that conversation, body language and subtle forms of persuasion can be eliminated.建議讓參賽者匿名作為解決辦法,與裁判們彼此分隔,以至於將交談、身體語言和微妙的說服形式消除。
 
There is growing resentment among talented young players who feel abused by flawed judging, and they are beginning to rise up.越來越多的不滿情緒正出現在不少有天份的年輕選手之間,他們覺得被不公正的裁決傷害了,而且這股潮流正在開始崛起。一份要求 “透明度” 和採無記名投票的問卷正在流傳並且已吸引超過500個人簽名。 一份來自同一群人的A questionnaire from the same people asks pianists to list jurors they would least like to perform for.問卷要求鋼琴家列出願意去執行的裁判名單。The survey was organized by two competition level pianists.這項調查是由兩個比賽層級的鋼琴家們組織而成。
 
“The system is broken,” Ivan Ilic, an American pianist in France, told me. “這個制度已被打破 ” 在法國的美國鋼琴家伊凡‧伊利奇告訴我,“Competitions have lost their weight in determining careers.” “在決定一位音樂家的前途以及職業生涯上,國際比賽已經喪失了他們的重要性。 ”
 
正當古典音樂的事業正在逐漸萎縮時,可笑的是,反而更多的鋼琴家The temperature continues to rise as more pianists, notably from China, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong, flood into the competition world just as concert career opportunities shrink.如洪水般湧入國際比賽的世界,而且這種溫度正在持續加溫中,特別是來自亞洲的中國,韓國,日本,台灣和香港。 The Alink-Argerich Foundation data shows that since 1990 the percentage of Asian players has gone up from 21 percent to more than 35 percent, the Chinese showing the greatest leap ahead.阿林克-阿格麗希基金會數據顯示,自1990年以來,亞洲選手的比例已經從21個百分點上升超過35個百分點,來自中國的明顯躍升首位。
 
Perhaps the ultimate harm in the competition concept is its effect on piano style.比賽的最後傷害是對鋼琴演奏風格的影響。 The Italian virtuoso Roberto Prosseda says he quit the competition game because he found that too much of it can stifle one's personal style.意大利大師羅伯托‧普羅塞達說,他退出了所有的比賽,因為他發現過多的比賽能扼殺一個人的個人風格。評審團通常需要一個 “安全、標準化” 的表現。
 
If winners are able to adjust their playing for the public after their competition life, they might make a career.如果得獎者在他們的比賽生涯之後,能發展出個人的演出風格,他們也許能創出職業生涯。普羅塞達大師說:“Otherwise they will disappear when the next winner arrives,” he says. “否則,他們就會在下一個冠軍抵達時,就消失得無影無蹤。 ”
 
He adds: “The public doesn't want us to play the standard way perfectly.他補充說明: “社會大眾並不希望我們將安全、標準化的演出方式發揮的完美。他們想要需要我們在台上的演奏能讓他們感動地哭了。 “
 
( 本文作者麥克‧詹森是駐法國波爾多的美國記者,自西元1997年至2005年任職於英國倫敦國際鋼琴比賽的理事會。 )